|
The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) takes the psi and psi * wave functions of the standard quantum formalism to be retarded (forward in time) and advanced (backward in time) waves that form a quantum interaction as a Wheeler-Feynman handshake or transaction. It was first proposed in 1986 by John G. Cramer, who argues that it helps in developing intuition for quantum processes. He also suggests that it avoids the philosophical problems with the Copenhagen interpretation and the role of the observer, and also resolves various quantum paradoxes.〔(The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics ) by John Cramer. ''Reviews of Modern Physics'' 58, 647–688, July (1986)〕〔(An Overview of the Transactional Interpretation ) by John Cramer. ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'' 27, 227 (1988)〕 TIQM formed a minor plot point in his science fiction novel ''Einstein's Bridge''. More recently, he has also argued TIQM to be consistent with the Afshar experiment, while claiming that the Copenhagen interpretation and the many-worlds interpretation are not.〔(A Farewell to Copenhagen? ), by John Cramer. ''Analog'', December 2005.〕 The existence of both advanced and retarded waves as admissible solutions to Maxwell's equations was explored in the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory. Cramer revived their idea of two waves for his transactional interpretation of quantum theory. While the ordinary Schrödinger equation does not admit advanced solutions, its relativistic version does, and these advanced solutions are the ones used by TIQM. In TIQM, the source emits a usual (retarded) wave forward in time, but it also emits an advanced wave backward in time; furthermore, the receiver, who is later in time, also emits an advanced wave backward in time and a retarded wave forward in time. A quantum event occurs when a "handshake" exchange of advanced and retarded waves triggers the formation of a transaction in which energy, momentum, angular momentum, etc. are transferred. The quantum mechanism behind transaction formation has been demonstrated explicitly for the case of a photon transfer between atoms in Sect. 5.4 of Carver Mead's book ''Collective Electrodynamics''. In this interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction does not happen at any specific point in time, but is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction, and the emission/absorption process is time-symmetric. The waves are seen as physically real, rather than a mere mathematical device to record the observer's knowledge as in some other interpretations of quantum mechanics. Cramer has used TIQM in teaching quantum mechanics at the University of Washington in Seattle. == Advances over previous interpretations == TIQM is explicitly non-local and, as a consequence, logically consistent with counterfactual definiteness (CFD), the minimum realist assumption.〔 As such it incorporates the non-locality demonstrated by the Bell test experiments and eliminates the observer dependent reality that plagues the Copenhagen Interpretation. Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state the key advance over Everett's Relative State Interpretation〔Hugh Everett, (Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics ), ''Reviews of Modern Physics'' vol 29, (July 1957) pp 454–462.〕 is to regard the conjugate state vector of the Dirac formalism as ontologically real, incorporating a part of the formalism that, prior to TIQM, had been interpretationally neglected. Having interpreted the conjugate state vector as an advanced wave, it is claimed that the origins of the Born rule follow naturally from the description of a transaction.〔 The transactional interpretation has similarities with the two-state vector formalism (TSVF)〔Avshalom C. Elitzur, Eliahu Cohen: ''The Retrocausal Nature of Quantum Measurement Revealed by Partial and Weak Measurements'', AIP Conf. Proc. 1408: ''Quantum Retrocausation: Theory and Experiment (13–14 June 2011, San Diego, California)'', pp. 120–131, DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3663720 ((abstract ))〕 which has its origin in work by Yakir Aharonov, Peter Bergmann and Joel Lebowitz of 1964.〔Y. Aharonov, P. G. Bergmann, J. L. Lebowitz, ''Phys. Rev. B'', vol. 134, pp. 1410 ff., 1964〕〔Yakir Aharonov, Lev Vaidman: ''Protective measurements of two-state vectors'', in: Robert Sonné Cohen, Michael Horne, John J. Stachel (eds.): ''Potentiality, Entanglement and Passion-At-A-Distance'', Quantum Mechanical Studies for A. M. Shimony, Volume Two, 1997, ISBN 978-0792344537, pp. 1–8, (p. 2 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transactional interpretation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|